Other than by description of the ice produced, there is no simple way to classify the different types of ice makers; hence we have block, slice, plate, tube, slush ice and so on. A further sub-classification may be made depending on whether they produce a "dry" subcooled ice or a "wet" ice. Generally, subcooled ice is produced in machines which mechanically remove the ice from the cooling surface. Most flake ice machines are examples of this type. On the other hand, "wet" ice is usually made in machines which use a defrost procedure to release the ice. The defrost partially thaws the ice where it makes contact with the cooling surface and, unless it has been reduced to a temperature substantially below 0° C (subcooled) the surfaces will remain wet; tube ice and plate ice systems are examples of this type. Read morehttp://www.fao.org/docrep/T0713E/T0713E05.htm
The goal of these webpages is to provide a portal for accessing EDR resources through the framework of the LEED rating system. These EDR webpages are organized to serve as a roadmap for design teams interested in learning more about sustainable practices that are consistent with LEED credits. EDR-related references such as on-line tools, case studies, design briefs, and design guidelines are provided for the six major LEED categories. Requirements, strategies, and helpful hints for each LEED credit also are provided. http://www.archenergy.com/_edr-leed/html-pages/index.htm
Norman Disney and Young have a comprehensive article in pdf format for free download on chilled beams. http://www.ndy.com/corporate/press/techniques/Techniques_winter_2004.pdfThe “chilled beam” system is one the latest innovations to make its way to the U.S. market. Popular in Europe and Australia for more than a decade, the system involves placing cooling coils at the ceiling level to cool the rising warm air. The cooled air then gently descends to occupant level, providing a pleasant cooling effect with minimal air movement. “Designers in Europe start with chilled beams as the baseline system, much like we start with VAV systems as the baseline here in the U.S.,” says Mike Walters, sustainable systems and energy analyst with Affiliated Engineers Inc., Madison, Wis. Walters says the technology has a lot of promise for offices, labs, healthcare environments, and even data centers. Read more:
The temporary air-conditioning system at PANIIT2006 was provided by R. S. Buther and Company. To get an understanding as to what the differences are between a permanent installation and a temporary one, we have to realize that the entire set-up, which includes chilled water plants, chilled water piping, air-handling units, unitary equipment, ductwork, grilles, chilled water piping, condenser water piping, cooling towers and the entire electrical system interconnecting them the cloth false ceiling etc, were all set up for operation in a flat 2 days!
As the air-conditioning system is of a temporary nature, the concept behind the installation is considerably different from that of a permanent installation, with many compromises which we would loathe to undertake in a permanent installation. Examples of this include ingeniously developed quick-lock chilled water pipe connectors to feed air-handlers thru flexible pipes, and flanged chilled water main runs, "air-cooled" electrical panels (!), and example which you see in one of the photographs in this article.
Another aspect is the long throw provided by terminally open ducts to feed the central core, while the periphery is fed by side throw of air from DX unitary equipment. Take a look!
HPAC Engineering has a tremendous legacy for publishing
content relevant to green buildings ... this microsite republishes
a substantial selection of articles, departments, and columns
that provide support to engineers and owners on green building
projects. Click
here for the Engineering
Green Buildings Website.
HPAC engineering War Stories contains succinct case studies written by engineers and other industry professionals describing peculiar or complex problems that illustrate what it's like in the field. Enjoy reading these stories and learning from the mistakes of others (for a change). http://www.hpac.com/member/archive/war.html
McQuay has provided an excellent resource for thermal Heat Pump technology, a site designed to centralize the wealth of information available from McQuay to help you make the most informed choices in designing and installing high performance geothermal systems.
Geothermal heat pump technology is one of the fastest growing HVAC systems on the market today, pointing to a trend towards more efficient and environmentally responsible ways to heat and cool buildings. These systems are widely used in both residential and commercial installations where clean, reliable, and efficient comfort conditioning is desired.
http://www.mcquaybiz.com/McQuay/DesignSolutions/Geothermal?models=%2FMcQuay
Two very interesting, and well-written spreadsheet applications in xls format. The first one is a load calculation spreadsheet, based on the Residential Loads Calculation Procedure published in ASHRAE Document GRP158 published in approximately 1980. Data Entry is indicated in Cyan (color). Please read the disclaimer. This application may prove similar to the E-20 format currently in use, and may inspire you to prepare your own calculator based on a similar format.
http://hvacindia.com/spreadsheets/resid_lds1.xls
The other spreadsheet application is a Piping Pressure Drop Calculator, also written in xls. The source is not known, so maybe the constants should be checked before using it.
http://hvacindia.com/spreadsheets/pip2_wpd_calc.xls
Spreadsheets are highly under-estimated applications and these two examples show how much more can be achieved by exploiting the capabilities of spreadsheets.
A ‘STANDARD’ APPROACH TO VALIDATION BY PARTICLE COUNTING - Duncan Smith
It is not the intention to deride any particular standard or protocol, as they are in themselves vital to our industry. What is intended is to highlight possible differences in the validation work undertaken to achieve these standards. The diversity of the sources of the standards currently widely used is great, reflecting the diversity of the usage of cleanrooms by companies based within the UK. There are inevitably conflicts and anomalies between standards that are thought to be comparable and of an equal status. Cleanroom users and owners beware; your test report may not tell you exactly what you think it tells you, or what you would like it to tell you!
http://www.s2c2.co.uk/monitor/tcm32/varticle.html
Of the many problems which a new project for milk collection and processing faces in a developing country, the most important are the shortage of the necessary capital and the difficulty in keeping all costs at a sufficiently low level. The specific costs of collection, transport and processing are usually abnormally high because supplies of milk are inadequate to utilize fully the installed machinery. Small quantities of milk delivered by individual producers, long distances between the production areas and the markets, bad road conditions and high ambient temperatures make the development of a dairy industry a particularly difficult task. Dairy development policies in such countries are most often based on foreign patterns. They include establishment of a number of collecting centres and processing plants whose basic feature is the technology prevailing in industrialized countries. That technology is marked by processing costs often too high for markets in developing countries and machinery often too complicated for locally available skills. The capacity of equipment normally available often greatly exceeds the quantity of milk which can be obtained, particularly in the early stages of development. In recent years new trends are becoming evident in applying technology to food processing in developing countries. This involves simple processes better adapted to the special needs of these markets. These ideas now need study and applied research, primarily by establishing pilot schemes in which feasible projects are tested. Consistent with these trends is the examination of the feasibility of using solar energy for small-scale operations.
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6541E/X6541E00.HTM
Design and operation of icemaking plants
Design and operation of icemaking plants This note briefly describes the design and operation of icemaking plants, for the general guidance of fish processors and fishermen. Space, power and refrigeration requirements are discussed, and the main types of icemaker are described. Methods of handling, transporting and storing ice are outlined, and the note also sets out the argument.
http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5940e/x5940e01.htm
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